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Monday, March 27, 2023
Guide to non-statutory stock options (NSOs)
There are two types of stock options: incentive stock options (ISOs) and non-statutory stock options (NSOs).
ISOs are generally what come to mind when people think of stock options, but NSOs are also common. How you approach each is slightly different.
NSOs are typically used by more mature companies for higher-paid employees. These stock options are also given to contractors, consultants and other non-employees if companies want to give them more than $100,000 worth of stock annually.
Because NSOs do not meet the requirements of IRS Code Section 422, they do not benefit from the (potential) corresponding tax benefits that ISOs benefit from.
The main difference is between NSOs and ISOs is how they are taxed.
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Description |
Mechanics |
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Stock |
Incentive stock options (ISOs) |
Give you the ability (or option) to buy company stock at the exercise price, which is hopefully a discount from the stock’s current market price. Offered only to company employees. |
When you exercise the option, you pay to buy the stock and now own shares. ISOs offer a potential tax benefit if you hold the shares long enough after exercising. |
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Non-statutory stock options (NSOs) |
Give you the ability (or option) to buy company stock at the exercise price, which is hopefully a discount from the stock’s current market price. Offered to company employees or non-employees like contractors and vendors. |
When you exercise the option, you pay to buy the stock and now own shares. NSOs do not offer the same potential tax benefits as ISOs. |
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Stock appreciation rights (SARs) |
SARs allow you to benefit from an increase in company stock price after the grant date. |
SARs function similarly to stock options. When you exercise the SAR, you will receive the appreciation in stock price as either cash or shares. |
Typically, NSOs are taxed at the date of exercise rather than the date of grant.
The amount subject to ordinary income tax is the difference between the fair market value (FMV) at the time of exercise and the strike price. If you continue to hold the stock after exercise, any gain in price is subject to capital gains rules.
For example, let’s say:
NSOs are subject to ordinary income tax and reported as W-2 wages for employees. They are also subject to federal and state income taxes as well as Social Security and Medicare taxes.
There is no hard-and-fast rule when it comes to exercising and selling NSOs, but it’s generally a good idea to have more aggressive diversification if they are deep in the money (~33%-plus) and there is no special reason to defer income.
In general, it’s a good idea to not let in-the-money options expire.
Since NSOs are taxed as ordinary income upon exercise, we generally recommend diversifying right away if you are deep in the money and there is no special reason to defer income (rather than holding and hoping the stock goes up).
If you exercised shares in the past and now hold a material amount of stock, it can often make sense to start diversifying. It’s usually good to start with the highest-cost, long-term lots first. The amount to sell will likely come down to how much you’re comfortable with.
Consider consulting a tax advisor and a financial professional to learn more.
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